converter (RS+), where I
LOAD+
is the combination of I
V-
and the external load on V+ (I
V+
):
Determine V+ and V- as follows:
The output resistance for the positive and negative
charge pumps are tested and specified separately. The
positive charge pump is tested with V- unloaded. The
negative charge pump is tested with V+ supplied from
an external source, isolating the negative charge
pump.
Current draw from either V+ or V- is supplied by the
reservoir capacitor alone during one half cycle of the
clock. Calculate the resulting ripple voltage on either
output as follows:
where I
LOAD
is the load on either V+ or V-. For the typi-
cal f
PUMP
of 30kHz with 3.3µF reservoir capacitors, the
ripple is 25mV when I
LOAD
is 5mA. Remember that, in
most applications, the total load on V+ is the V+ load
current (I
V+
) and the current taken by the negative
charge pump (I
V-
).
Efficiency Considerations
Theoretically, a charge-pump voltage multiplier can
approach 100% power efficiency under the following
conditions:
• The charge-pump switches have virtually no offset
and extremely low on-resistance.
• The drive circuitry consumes minimal power.
• The impedances of the reservoir and pump capaci-
tors are negligible.
For the MAX865, the energy loss per clock cycle is the
sum of the energy loss in the positive and negative
converters, as follows:
The average power loss is simply:
Resulting in an efficiency of:
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